The Bias and Suffering after Hurricane Katrina Trouble...

In the late summer of 2005, a terrible tragedy occurred that changed the lives of many in the south-east region of the United States. A Category 3, named storm, named Hurricane Katrina, hit the Gulf Coast on the 29th of August and led to the death of 1,836 and millions of dollars’ worth of damage (Waple 2005). The majority of the damage occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana. Waple writes in her article that winds â€Å"gusted over 100 mph in New Orleans, just west of the eye† (Waple 2005). Not only was the majority of the damage due to the direct catastrophes of the storm but also city’s levees could no longer hold thus breaking and releasing great masses of water. Approximately, 80% of the city was submerged at sea level. Despite the vast amount†¦show more content†¦The City Park, on the other hand, is not quite as lively or active. The City Park is a place where visitors, and even local residents, come and take in the park’s tranquil ambience. With the park’s Botanical Garden, large oak trees, and golf course, it becomes a place where many come to relax and relieve every day stress. Lastly, New Orleans even takes an educational outlook and provides places like museums and aquariums where anyone, of all ages, can learn about the history of the region or aquatic creatures such as at the Aquarium of the Americas which was built less than a year after Hurricane Katrina. This aquarium is splits into four main exhibits: The Caribbean Reef Exhibit, The Amazon Exhibit, The Mississippi River Gallery, and The Gulf of Mexico Exhibit. Each exhibit features sea creatures from different regions of the world in different ways such as a 30-foot long tunnel, a large tank, and even a regular walk through gallery. All of these, along with many other locations, are what brings in a major part of the revenue for the city. The year before Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans had made a record of 10.1 million visitors (Rudawsky 2010). Excluding t he recording breaking year, New Orleans has an average of 8.5 million visitors per year (Rudawsky 2005). This shows how important the tourist industry is to the city and the purposes of why these areas were prioritized first in restoration of the city after Hurricane Katrina. Although this may give a reason to

How Does Autism Affect The Functioning Of The Brain

Autism Autism is a developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. If you don’t pay close attention to your child, you won’t notice it. If you attend to your child the way that a real parent should, then you will notice that something is not right. If you catch it early on, you can do some intense therapy that will attend to your child the right way. Depending on how severe the illness is your child will go two to three times a week. There is a therapist that will accommodate you and come to your child’s school if needed. Autism is a disease where no one knows where it derived from. Autism is a fancy word of†¦show more content†¦Children with this disease have social interaction problems. They are not able to participate in daily routines. Autistic children have unusual responses and interests like using objects inappropriately; have repetitive behaviors and unusual sensory responses. Some common effects of autism include mishaps of cognitive disorders as well as seizures and other slow development of the brain. The symptoms of seizure are disorders are quite varied. They can range from brief episodes where the child seems to â€Å"tune out† to much more obvious convulsions where the child falls to the ground, loses consciousness, and has alternating periods of muscle contraction and relaxation (Volkmar and Wiesner 28). A number of other neurological problems are observed in autism. Some children with autism have delays in the development of hand dominance later than typically developing children (Volkmar and Wiesner 28). Not every child has every problem. Autism is a disease, not a disability. According to Jepson and Johnson, Autism is an environmental illness (42). Autistic children improved when foods containing gluten and casein were removed. Gluten is a protein found in wheat barley, rye, and oats. Casein is a protein from cow’s milk. It is recommended that parents should try an elimination diet of casein and gluten for about a month to see if it improved symptoms. There other highly allergic foods parents should attempt to eradicate from their

A Closer Look on Bilingualism Free Essays

Bilingualism is not uncommon to many people and in many parts of the world. As long as there are people who migrate from far off countries to different places in the world, bilingualism will exist, and prosper. This has become a bigger reality in today’s world where different countries are brought closer by technology, and globalization has become commonplace, especially to more prosperous and industrialized countries where migrants tend to gather. We will write a custom essay sample on A Closer Look on Bilingualism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, cultures become interrelated and languages are no longer limited to their areas of origin. In fact, it is normal for many people to use two languages, or even more, in the course of day-to-day living, some by choice and some by necessity. As evidenced by studies and observation made by scientists and educators, bi- or multilingualism exists because humans are not limited to learn a single language in the course of his/her lifetime. Although there were no studies that have determined how many languages a person can learn in his/her lifetime, there was no question that it could be done, given the relative ease by which children learn languages. The brains of a human being hold endless possibilities. It is not a jug that has limited capacity; it can absorb so much more information (Alladina 6). Hence, it is not surprising that more and more people are learning and making use of different languages. It is not uncommon to see a person who makes use of a different language at home, in school or in buiness, a particular language is used depending on the appropriate situation. As we attempt to explore different facets of bilingualism, it would be most logical to explain briefly the meaning of bilingualism and how it is commonly perceived in order to offer a better understanding as to why it has such great impact on the society. More importantly, this paper will deal on the overall effects of bilingualism on children, adults and families, as well as the influences of schools, its systems, and society at large to people who are bilingual, and vice versa. We shall also delve on the choices that different bilingual-background families have or have made with regard to rearing their children as bilingual or monolingual, and the subsequent effects of these choices. We shall shed light on these concerns, partly, by going through the personal experiences of three individuals, with different degrees of bilingualism, who were interviewed exclusively for this paper. We shall examine how bilingualism played a part in their lives. Their bilingualism resulted from different circumstances surrounding them as they were growing up that were mainly rooted from their families. For instance, the first interviewee and her parents migrated to Norway from Pakistan, where she was actually born and raised until she was eight years old, the second one has parents whose mother tongues were different from each other, while the last interviewee was adopted from Colombia when she was eight years old. How to cite A Closer Look on Bilingualism, Papers

Roman Art Essay Example For Students

Roman Art Essay Art has changed a great deal since it began many centuries ago. Centuries, however, are not necessary to notice the small changes that are evident even between cultures of similar times. Such is the case with the Greeks and Romans. Both cultures had exquisite pieces of art, but they were very different from each other. The amazing thing about art is that no matter how many differences exist, it is still beautiful in its own sense. There are also a number of similarities that are evident with these two cultures as well, but the point that will be focused on is the differences that are found between Greek and Roman art. The pieces that will be focused on from the Greeks are Black-Figured Psykter and Red-Figured Kylix Depicting a Young Athelete, and from the Romans are Mummy Portrait of a Man and Mummy Portrait of a Young Woman. The Roman Portraits are located at The Menil Collection in Houston. The Mummy Portrait of a Man is from the Fayum region in Egypt. It was painted about 150-200 B. C. It is painted in encaustic on wood, and is a Fayum portrait. The Mummy Portrait of a Young Woman is also from the Fayum region and painted in encaustic on wood. This portrait was painted about 150-200 B. C. The term Fayum portrait is actually derived from a Coptic word meaning The land of the lake, which refers to the artificial Lake Qarun. This lake was a project of the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, and it was this lake that made a desert area of about 100 kilometers into one of the most fertile areas in Egypt. It was such an amazing feat that the lake still to this day provides this region water keeping it fertile. The purpose of the Mummy Portrait of a Man as well as the Mummy Portrait of a Young Woman was to identify the mummy. These portraits were paintings of the person that they identified. The edges of the paintings have paint missing, due to the fact that these portraits were placed over the face of the mummies. The fact that both the artists of these portraits are unknown is due to gravediggers and collectors. When a mummy was found, the main objective was to find out more about the mummy itself, and many times the paintings were disregarded and considered to be of no value. The technique used with Fayum paintings is called encaustic. This style of painting involves combining the paint with hot wax in order to obtain more resilient colors and also to be able to contrast light and dark better. The only problem with this style of painting is that the wax would get cold and dry up in a short period of time. The artists had to work quickly in order to keep the pigment wax mix wet and able to spread across the canvas or wood. In order to work faster, the painters used wide brush strokes not paying a great deal of attention to the fine lines and details. One major advantage of using the hot wax with the pigment is that the artist was able to capture a dark or thick appearance as well as a light appearance to the wood while keeping the paint smooth and silky looking. Because of the rushed way in which the portraits were painted allows for similarities between the two. The Portrait of a Man is at a slight angle as compared to the Portrait of a Young Woman, but looking beyond this fact and looking at close detail, it is easy to see the similarities between the ears of the man and woman in each painting. .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .postImageUrl , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:hover , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:visited , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:active { border:0!important; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:active , .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1 .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce18fbd8e9afba884f37afb8e11cdea1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History EuropeThe eyes on both of the paintings are very similar as well. Both the man and the woman have their eyes deep set in their head, and appear to be staring out into space. Yet another similarity between the two is the eyebrows. Both the man and the woman are depicted as having thick eyebrows as well as a small mouth. Both portraits have long and thin noses. The portrait of the man, as said earlier, is set at an angle as compared to the portrait of the woman, but this seems to be the case for all Fayum portraits. The hair of the beard on the man looks almost identical to the hair on the woman, as well as the use of light that was used to highlight the neck and ears. Even containing all of these similarities, each of the Fayum portraits have their own meaning and are seen to be as different as the people they represented. The Greek Psykter is a wine cooler that was done using the technique known as black-figured. This means that the figures that are on the Psykter are done in black, while the background is red. The red background comes from the type of clay that was used to make the wine cooler. The objects that are depicted on the psykter are done in profile as to show as much of the body as possible. Black-figure painting is unable to use light and dark sources because all of the figures are black, making it very different from the Portrait of a Man and the Portrait of a Young Woman. The artist also used purple and white to help to bring out detail and to give a sort of vibrancy to the piece. The artist Nikosthenes did the Black-Figured Psykter between 530 and 520 B. C. The way that the wine cooler was made is sturdy and is able to stand the test of time as well as have a beauty that will last just as long. Compared to the Portrait of a Man and the Portrait of a Woman, the Black-Figured Psykter as well as the Red-Figured Kylix Depicting a Young Athlete does not show individuality. The Greeks used a combination of ideal parts in their art, making it elegant, but at the same time not showing any actual people. This can also be supported by the fact that even the faces that are on the Greek pieces of art are considered to be perfect unlike all humans. The Red-Figured Kylix Depicting a Young Athlete was made about 480 B. C. by the painter Antiphon. The technique used here is a red-figured style that was used by the Greeks after the use of the black-figured pieces. This was a monumental discovery for the Greek artists because it made the work of painting the figures in black and using needles to do all the fine details not necessary. Now the painters were able to create the figures that they wanted on the clay and then heat or cook it and the figures would still show up as red, while the background would come out black. This allowed for more attention to detail as well as the ability to use foreshortening and shadowing. The use of shadowing is more than obvious on the Kylix with the figure of a youth sitting on a stone surrounded by large apatropaic eyes. The ability to foreshadow is shown in many other red-figured works that were done during and around that time. The differences that are found between these four pieces of art can be traced back to the differences that existed between the two cultures. Even though there are similarities, the differences outweigh them by far. .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .postImageUrl , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:hover , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:visited , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:active { border:0!important; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:active , .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dced44936a80bed893d10486eb208ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History: Painting Periods EssayThe purpose of the Roman Mummy Portrait of a Man and the Mummy Portrait of a Young Woman differ completely from that of the Greek Black-Figured Psykter and the Red-Figured Kylix Depicting a Young Athelete. The styles of the paintings are also very different as well. The amazing thing that is to noticed is that regardless of the differences that exist, both the Greek and the Roman pieces are considered to be masterpieces of art. The differences that are found add to the uniqueness that each one entails.

Phobias and Addictions Essay Example

Phobias and Addictions Essay Richard Johnston Types of Conditioning Phobia and Addictions Phobias and addictions can be very difficult on a mental standpoint. The definition of a phobia is an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation (Webster). There are many kinds of phobias such as, Xenophobia the fear of dogs could be a result of being bitten as a child or being cornered by a dog. Other fears could be Catastrophic the fear of lightening as a child oh were scared of storms so you developed a phobia on storms. Acrophobia is fear of heights and the fear of falling you are high up you might have an anxiety attack so you avoid high places. Transportation is the fear of injections (the fear of needles), which can cause one anxiety because the patient associates the pain with the needle. A reaction can be caused before the injection is given such as fainting or other anxiety symptoms. We will write a custom essay sample on Phobias and Addictions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Phobias and Addictions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Phobias and Addictions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Phobias are can be developed through classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was famous for his theory of classical conditioning who studied digestive systems of dogs. In his studies and experiment he noticed, that dogs salivate when presented with food which was a common trait. Pavlov noticed if the bell or a tuning fork rang the dog would salivate when there was no food present. The dog associated the food with the bell this is what is known as classical conditioning. One more example of this is music the neutral stimulus is the music when paired the unconditioned stimulus automatically triggers tapping of the feet know as an unconditioned response. Fears and phobias progress in the same way as conditioning. Phobias can cause health problems from panic attacks or anxiety. Individuals with phobias avoid being in that situation and stay in their comfort zone. Human beings we behaviors that can easily become addicted to a drug or food or substance. In operant conditioning human beings get addicted to substances they see other people doing, such as food, sex, gambling, and drugs. Addiction is defined as compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance (as heroin, nicotine, or alcohol) characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal; broadly: persistent compulsive use of a absence known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful (Webster). Classical conditioning is learned behavior using a stimulus and operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses a reward to gain the desired response the craving for the drug the use of the drug is the reward. One example to is that classical conditioning involuntary behavior and Operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behaviors. Operant conditioning is defined as a conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus (Webster). Operant conditioning can be used for punishment when the desired response is not achieved. Addiction such as alcohol for example would be you had the long hard day and you a have a cold six pack over the legal limit. The beer was your reward for having a long hard day. The addiction of wanting more beer is and addiction to alcohol and the substance has a hold of you which is known as alcoholism. The punishment will be impulsive if you get caught being pulled over for driving under the influence by the police because you decided o get more beer and drive to the store that would not be a favorite for a drinker getting caught the rush is not to get caught. Extinction would be not to drink at all and have an ice tea and make the behavior decrees or disappear. Operant conditioning can be related to an extinction technique if to many beers are consumed and the individual decides to go get more beer in a driving a motor vehicle to get there the thrill would be not getting caught and the consequence would be getting arrested for driving under the influence. The extinction would be not to drink s many beers or not at all and try a different reward for a long hard day and never to drive under the influence of alcohol. In summary I have talked about classical conditioning and how it is automatic for dogs to salivate when there is food present and buy repeating the conditions with the bell ringing triggered the same response the dog eventually learned when the bell rings there is food and to salivate even without the food present. We learned the operant conditioning requires some type of reward being either positive or negative such as punishment. We learned about hobbies and what types of phobias are out there, phobias can cause health problems if not treated.

Sulas break up with Nel, Inevitable essays

Sulas break up with Nel, Inevitable essays Sulas break up with Nel, Inevitable The main character of Toni Morrisons novel Sula, grew up in a household with no real family structure. Although it is suggested in the novel that Sula never intentionally wants to hurt anyone, her lack of love as a child restricts her from forming true relationships with anyone except for her best friend Nel, whom she later betrays as well. Sulas future actions are consequences of her unconventional childhood. Hannah, Sulas mother was very unconventional and she would sleep around with men including married ones. Hannahs attitude toward Sula was indeed motherless, Sula and Hannah never any had emotional exchanges between each other, and she even commented that although she loved Sula, she did not like her. On the day of Hannahs death, Sula merely observed her mother bursting into flames, but did not help her. She watched because she was merely interested. Perhaps it is this estranged tie with her mother that foreshadows future problems in relationships. Sula also turns out to be like her mother, sleeping around with various men, but sees nothing wrong with it. Sula and Nel meet as young girls and instantly became good friends; ten years later after Sulas return to Medallion they become confidents again. Until one day Nel walks in on her husband and Sula having an affair. Nel is hurt and wounded by her husband unfaithfulness and unbelievably shocked by Sulas betrayal. Sula at the same time is shocked by Nels reaction and later remarks that Nel must have no loved her enough because she didnt forgive her. Although Nel was Sulas best friend, she still slept with her husband because she grew up in an unstable home without much guidance from any parents; therefore she did not realized what consequence her actions would bring, she only cared to please her self and lived life to surpass boredom. Yet really, i...

Business Ethics & Social Responsibility Research Paper

Business Ethics & Social Responsibility - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that business ethics are moral standards and guidelines that guide the conduct of business founded on the concept of what is right, fair and wrong. Majority of business people rely on their consciences for decision making and fall back on their own religious and moral backgrounds for guidance. Business people are on the other hand affected by their immediate colleagues and superiors when making decisions and at times feel pressured to behave in unethical manner when aiming to make profits. This paper declares that many firms have in the recent past made efforts to establish and develop codes of conduct to be used as standards to guide managers in decision making in business. Corporate responsibility on the other hand is a business philosophy that stresses the need for companies and organizations to behave well as corporate citizens by conducting their marketing and production activities in such away to prevent environmental pollution or exploitation as well as obeying the law. Some firms due to their developed code of conduct behave in a more socially responsible way, partially because their managers need to do so and partially due to fear of consumer pressure groups, environmentalists and the media, as well as their concern for their public reputation. This is actually because of the argument that social responsible behavior pays off in the long run even when it includes particular short term sacrifices. (Solomon, 2004). This paper seeks to develop standards for ethic al and moral conduct in the form of a Code of Ethics. The paper will reflect upon my own ethical standards and consider from where my values and principles emerged and how they have evolved over time. Through this, the paper will include references to the moral philosophy or social issues that affect my approach to the development of this Code of Ethics. My Code of Ethics will contain the following components: Statement of values, and why the principles are non-negotiable, the moral philosophy or social issues affecting my approach to ethics, training and communication plan, implementation plan, plan for the role of leadership, corporate social issues, monitoring and enforcing plan, ethics auditing plan, and considerations for working internationally. Development of Code of Ethics involves prescribing values and principles that a firm aspires to operate in consistency to. The Code of Ethics contains the â€Å"thou shalts† and specifies the operation’s ethical rules. Mo st ethicists have argued that the development and continuous dialogue around the values of the Code of Ethics is very significant and pivotal to the business organizations. However, other philosophers have disagreed on the value of Code of Ethics and assert that too much emphasis is often put on them though the codes are not influential in ethics management at workplace. In quite larger organizations with multiple departments and programs, an overall corporate Code of Ethics is mandatory to guide and separate each department or program. I would not develop my Code of Ethics out of Legal departments or Human Resource departments alone. This is because, the Code of Ethics would be insufficient if only intended to ensure the legality of policies. I will do this to ensure that all other people see the program of ethics as driven from top management (Boatright, 2008). On reflection upon my own ethical standards and consideration of where my values and principles emerged and there evolvem ent over time, I would say that ethical principles as standards of conduct define my own conduct of behavior and therefore emerge from within myself. These principles help in establishing the criteria by which other people will judge my decisions and guide me in making such decisions as well. It is important to note that, poor personal ethics ultimately result into poor business ethics. In this regard, my own ethical standards and principles from which I would develop my Code o

The Health and Safety Laws in the USA Assignment

The Health and Safety Laws in the USA - Assignment Example Consultation Paper on Civil Liability for Unsafe Products presented by The Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, Product Liability sub-committee (1998) under 2.10 states, â€Å"Provided the consumer has a direct contractual nexus with the seller, the consumer is entitled to damages if the other party has broken an express or implied term of the contract.† In the present case, though the assurance of Edward, â€Å"rich people from the PRC had a plan to purchase classical oil paintings from Hong Kong in the near future for resale in the PRC† was not included in the agreement, it is implied that the oil painting is of merchantable quality. According to section 11(2) of the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordnance, even the liability for breach of implied condition of merchantable quality cannot be excluded or restricted by a contract term. Edward further said that there would be a very great demand for this particular classical oil painting owned by him and thus an appreciation of at least three times in value within 6 months. Eventually, no rich people from the PRC purchased the classical oil painting. The classical oil painting in fact depreciated in value. Therefore, there is a case for liability for breach of implied condition of merchantable quality. Also, Edward has induced Fred to buy the oil painting through his assurance and forecast which could be construed as negligence in giving assurance or forecasting appreciation in the value of the oil paintings.   In addition to the implied condition of merchantable quality, the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 71) also deals with liability in tort for negligence.

The Struggle for Black Equality in the History of United States Essay

The Struggle for Black Equality in the History of United States - Essay Example The Struggle for Black Equality in the History of United States Africans hitherto shipped into the country as slaves formed the indenture labor-force that neither qualified for the inalienable rights to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† nor incorporated as a part of the â€Å"People of the United States†; a status that their white counterparts wholesomely assumed with the declaration of independence from the colonial masters, the British. Contrary to the great wisdom of the founding fathers putting their hands in the ark of history by framing the guiding principles, the constitution not only protected slavery, but also prescribed punitive treatment for those who dared to escape. Against a backdrop of a series of adversities along racial or gender distinctions, African Americans, subordinated by other groups facing similar fate, resorted to civil rights movements, nonviolent protests, pleas, legal court challenges as well as petitions to the government of the day to realize gradual improvement in equality and fundame ntal civil rights. Arguably, the extension of voting rights to the non-property-owning white laborers in the first half of the 19th century officially instigated the advocacy for equal treatment. Noting the power of mass movements, the development led to increased suppression of the agitated native Indians, demanding uplifting of their status, with a concurrent freedom cap on free blacks; a scenario that precipitated the only effective slave rebellion in US history, the Turner slave revolt of 1831.

Developing Sensor Technology

Developing Sensor Technology Abstract The need for sensor devices has been growing to develop new applications in several technological fields. The current state-of-the-art of this sensor technology used in modern electronic nose designs to operate in a different manner. The chamber of the E-Nose sensor is to be upgraded mainly for reducing the nuisance alarms and to improve reliability to detect smoke which is caused by fire and non-fire particles. This paper gives a brief state of the art of different fire and non-fire particles that emits smoke and various chemical gas sensors used to detect smoke and a fire detection algorithm. Keywords- Sensors; Smoke; Electronic-Noses; Fire Detection Algorithm fire particles; non-fire particles Introduction The conception of an electronic nose could appear sort on an up-to-date technology. Scientists initial developed a synthetic nose within the 1930’s that used sensors to measure levels of ultra-violet light found in mercury. Currently these devices are employed in numerous technological fields for various applications. Presently these devices used as trendy fireplace detection frameworks for the simultaneous estimations of carbon monoxide gas (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and smoke. The concentration of the rates of CO and CO2 in smoke offers a path to cut back the frequency of nuisance alarms so as to extend the reliability of smoke detectors. The sensors that square measures incorporated during this fireplace sighting system at the side of fire detection algorithmic rule detect smoke that is caused by fire or non-fire particles, and alarmed accordingly. Previous fire detection systems used sensors for measuring temperature, smoke, and combustion products which include oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), and nitric oxide (NO) but they does not give any reliable results. Some used Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) along with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analyzed smoke [1]. Advances in fire detection systems are being sought to decrease the detection time and the frequency of unnecessary alarms. Most of the research works done with the Multi-Sensor Detectors for accomplishing these goals because there may have some trouble in using smoke detectors with a single sensor to discriminate the smoke produced from fire and non-fire sources. The 95% frequency of unnecessary alarms reported by smoke detectors during the 1980’s in the U.S. is due to that limitation. Section 1 briefly introduces the Fire Detection System incorporated in an Electronic-Nose and different Gas Sensors that detects smoke in Section 2. Later, section 3 gives a brief description about the Fire and Non-Fire Particles and how the sensory system is designed in an E-Nose for preventing Fire accidents in section 4. Finally, we concluded in Section 5. Chemical Gas Sensors The environment needs to be monitored [2] time to time as many accidents took place lack of it. So in order to control the Industrial Process, Chemical Sensing Technologies has been emerging out to mainly emphasize on Control of combustion processes (oxygen) Flammable gases in order to protect against Fire Explosion. Toxic gases for environmental monitoring. Solid Electrolyte Sensor SE sensor [3] [4] is based on the principle of electrochemical gas detection, which is used to detect chemicals or gases that can be oxidized or reduced in chemical reactions. It mainly contains three electrodes: A sensing or working electrode which reacts when gas is available by either oxidizing or reducing the target gas. A counter electrode which provides a comparing converse response to that occurring at the sensing electrode so as to provide a net current stream. A reference electrode that stays unaffected by the chemical reactions occurring on the sensing and counter electrodes and provides a stable potential against which measurements are frequently created. Figure 1. Solid Electrolyte Sensor SEC sensors (Figure 1) used in millions of vehicles to monitor the exhausted gases and minimize the toxic emissions. Thermal-Chemical Sensors Thermal-chemical sensors [2] works on principle that there will be a change in temperature (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T) when heat energy is released or absorbed (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Eh). The pellistor is the most common thermal-chemical sensor (other thermal sensors are based on either on thermistors or on thermopiles). They are used for monitoring of combustible gases. Figure 2.Thermal-Chemical Sensors Gravimetric Chemical Sensors They are also known as piezoelectric sensors [5]. They are of two types used for gas sensing – Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) device and the Quartz Crystal Micro Balance (QCM) as in Figure 4. Figure 3. SAW Device Figure 4. Quartz Crystal Balance SAW device produces a surface wave that travels along the surface of the sensor while the QCM produces a wave that travels through the bulk of the sensor as shown in Figure 3. Both work on the principle that a change in the mass of piezoelectric sensor coating due to gas absorption results in a change in the resonant frequency of exposure to a vapor. Conducting Polymer Sensor: Conducting polymers [2] are plastics and they change their resistance while they adsorb or desorb specific chemicals (Figure 5). The adsorption of these chemicals mainly emphasized on the polarity (charge) and their molecular structure (shape and size). Figure 5. Conducting Polymer Sensor Due to their high sensitivity, low price and rapid response time at room temperatures, Conducting Polymer Sensor best suits for chemical sensing. IR Spectroscopy Sensors: The Spectroscopic Sensors [2] determine the concentration of several gases at a time and they work on the principle that all the gases interfere and adsorb infrared spectrum at specific wavelengths due to their natural molecular vibration. Some systems with narrow band interference filters or laser light sources for a specific gas (like CO2) are termed as monochromatic systems. Figure 6. IR Spectroscopy Sensors In the above Figure 6, some concentration of CO2 present in the sample gas is absorbed by the infrared detector at a wavelength of 4.3 ÃŽ ¼m while an infrared light periodically emitted from the light source. These sensors are most suitable for CO2 gas and shows low cross-sensitivity with different gasses and are moderate at the reaction, fairly good at accuracy and linearity but are cumbersome and costly. Optical Fiber Sensors The optical fiber utilized as a locality of those sensors [6] is coated with fluorescent dye. On association with the vapor, the Polarity variations within the fluorescent dye will changes the dyes optical properties such as wavelength shift in fluorescence, intensity and spectrum changes. These optical as in Figure 7 changes are used as the retaliation mechanism for gas. Figure 7. Optical Fiber Sensor Optical gas sensors are mostly used to detect concentrations of ammonia (NH3). They have very fast response times, short of what 10 micro sec for sampling and analysis and are compact; lightweight can be multiplexed on a single fiber network, immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and can operate in high radiation areas. MOSFET Sensors: The metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) sensors [4, 7] based on a change of electrostatic potential. They comprise of three layers, they are catalytic metal also called the gate (palladium), a silicon oxide insulator (platinum) and a silicon semiconductor (iridium or rhodium) as in Figure 8. When polar compounds interact with this metal gate, the current flowing through the sensor is modified. Figure 8. MOSFET Sensor [7] As no hydrogen atoms are released, molecules such as ammonia or carbon monoxide cannot be detected with a thick metal layer. But it can be possible to detect them when the metal gate is thinned. These MOSFET sensors or MOS sensors are very robust and have a relatively low sensitivity. E-Nose as Fire Detection System An electric or artificial nose can sense different types of chemicals and even distinguish particles not only for identifying individuals, but also used for the detection of fire. They work on the principle that smoke is made up of different chemical compounds. These devices consist of dozens of sensors that sense different types of chemical compounds found in the air. Some of the chemicals that cause smoke leads to flames are discussed below. Smoke It is a collection of solid and liquid particulates in air and emits gases when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis [8]. This is a commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including candles, stoves, fire ramp and oil lamps), but may also be used for fumigation i.e., pest control. Smoke signals is communication for long distances like smoke signals to transmit signals, news or to indicate the people to gather in a place, offensive and defensive capabilities in the military (smoke-screen), cooking, or smoking like marijuana, tobacco and etc.). Heptane: It is a non-polar solvent and minor component of gasoline [9] with chemical formula H3C (CH2)5CH3 or C7H16. This is a colorless liquid and very hazardous chemical that appears which sense like petrolic odor. The structure of Heptane is shown in Figure 9. Figure 9. Heptane Structure It is commercially available as mixed isomers for use in paints and coatings and mainly applied in pharmaceutical manufacturing laboratories and for research development. It has a melting point at −91.0 to −90.1 °C; −131.7 to −130.3 °F; 182.2 to 183.0K Toluene It is a fragrant hydrocarbon (Its IUPAC deliberate name is methylbenzene) [10] is broadly utilized as a solvent and as an industrial feedstock. It is a water-insoluble clear liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. In some cases toluene is also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; on the other hand, breathing in toluene can possibly cause serious neurological damages. Figure 10. Toluene Structure Toluene (Figure 10) is principally utilized as a precursor to benzene. The second positioned application includes its disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene. Methanol Methanol is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, unstable, colorless, ignitable fluid with a unique smell as same as to, however marginally sweeter as that of drinking alcohol which we called as ethanol [11]. It is otherwise referred as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, which is produced as a by-product of the destructive distillation of wood, wood naphtha or wood spirits, with the formula CH3OH for the structure in Figure 11 (often abbreviated MeOH). Figure 11. Structure of Methanol It is likewise utilized for delivering biodiesel by means of transesterification response. At room temperature, it is a polar fluid, and is utilized as a liquid catalyst, dissolvable, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethanol. Methanol is created regularly in the anaerobic metabolism of numerous mixtures of microbes, and is normally present in little sums in the earth. HDPE Beads High Density Poly Ethylene Beads [1] are white hermoplastic base resin and looks like wax and have the properties of electric wire. Figure 12. HDPE Beads HDPE Beads in the above Figure.12 used for extrusion packaging film, rope, woven bags, fishing nets, water pipes; injection of low-end commodity and housing, non-bearing load components, plastic box, turnover box; extrusion blow moulding containers, hollow products, bottles and it has society of plastic industry resin ID code is 2. Mixed Plastics Blended plastic [12] shown in Figure 13 is a term that covers all non-container plastic bundling sourced from the wastage of households, and it incorporates inflexible and adaptable plastic things of different polymer types and shades. It excludes plastic bottles and non-packaging items. Figure 13. Mixed Plastics Dry Ice: Figure 14 shows that it is the strongest manifestation of Carbon dioxide and fundamentally utilized as a cooling agent. It transmutes at −78.5  °c (−109.3  °f) at Earth atmospheric pressures. This great frost makes the strong perilous to handle without protection due to burns caused by freezing (frostbite). It is referred as Card ice [13]. Figure 14. Dry Ice Fire Detection Mechanism in E-Nose A Novel technique should be employed in E-Nose to respond immediately whenever the fire accidents took place [14]. The main objective of this mechanism is to reduce the nuisance alarms. Several experiments are conducted on various materials that causes smoke and observed how the materials go on burning while ignited them. The table 1 indicates that the ignition method and fire type (how the material burns) of the particular material which causes fire. Every E-Nose contains a sensory system (two components in E-Nose one is sensory system and the other component is a pattern recognition system [15]) and we need to enhance it so that it can be used as the fire detection system. In the sensory system, one among the above mentioned gas sensors are selected such that they detects particular material’s smoke and according to the classification algorithm and differentiate it whether the smoke is from fire and non-fire particles. Table 1: List of Particles Causes Fire The following Figure 15 shows the internal design of sensory system to be deployed in the E-Nose for reducing nuisance alarms as well as to react accordingly to the material that causes a fire. Figure. 15: Mechanism of Fire Detection System Based on type of these chemical compounds, the system can give information to the clients about the Fire and Non-Fire particles [16]. The system will perform the perfect action by ringing alert and empowers the fire extinguisher to keep the spreading of kindle to some degree by grouping fire and non-fire particles. The accompanying Table 2 gives the brief description of distinct fire extinguishers feasible in the market. Table 2: Types of Fire Extinguishers Where each Extinguisher specifies the classes of fires and they are listed below gives the details of their contents for which they belong to. Table 3: Classes of Fire Conclusion and Future Work Presently many more fire accidents are taking place and most of them are regarded as nuisance alarms i.e., the sensors that detect smoke will ring the alarm even though it is not necessary. In order to overcome this problem, this paper provided a novel technology that which holds the potential to give numerous benefits in terms of fire accidents like to reduce the nuisance alarms and to increase the reliability of the sensors. This mechanism not only reduces the false alarms, but also prevents the danger by enabling the in-built extinguisher whenever the fire particle is sensed. In future, we have a tendency to develop the precise classifier algorithm to distinguish the smoke from fire and non-fire particles.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre vs. Boyz n the Hood :: Jane Eyre Essays

Jane Eyre vs. Boyz 'n' the Hood When people are making choices sometimes they don't think of how they could affect someone else. In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane chooses to leave Mr. Rochester. In the movie Boyz 'n' the Hood Tre decides not to participate in a shooting spree. He result of some choices could have a bad aftermath, which not only affects the person deciding, but also the people around them. The choices that Jane makes has different reactions, such as when she left Mr. Rochester, because she found that he was already married. It caused him to plummet into a deep state of depression. She only thought that she was betrayed, used, and it was a huge mistake. "I was hateful n my own eyes. Still I could not turn, nor retrace on step."(210) Another one of her choices was when St. John asked her to marry him." Jane, come with me to India: come as my help and fellow laborer." (273) This obviously shows that he didn't love her. She made the choice not to go with him as his helper. Her final decision was to try to find Mr.Rochester. She went to Thornfield and inquired about him. She found out where he was and went there as fast as she could. "Delightful consciousness."(299) Your consciences will always be your guide to solving life's problems. In the movie Boyz 'n' the Hood Tre also made some choices. For example when he was in grade school he made a mistake when he started acting up in class, and when he got in trouble, he was sent to his father's home. At his father's house he learned responsibility and how to be a man. He regretted acting up in school, because now he had to suffer the consequences by cleaning his father's house. He also had the choice of who he hung out with. In his case you have to be very careful of who you hung out with, or you can get yourself into a lot of trouble. This is very prominent when Tre is walking with DoughBoy's brother down an ally way. Tre wants to stick together, but his friend thinks it may be better to split up. In this case Tre is in the same predicament as when Jane decides to leave Mr. Rochester. Tre knows he is wrong but his friend persuades him that it would be better.